Premisas, aportes y desafíos metodológicos de la investigación etnográfica en salud mental / Premises, contributions and methodological challenges ethnographic research in mental health

La reflexividad metodológica como centro articulador de la investigación cualitativa permite definir y consolidar el posicionamiento epistemológico, teórico y ético-político de los investigadores. Este artículo reflexiona sobre los aportes y desafíos de la etnogra-fía como herramienta teórica metodológica y escritural para acercarse a la comprensión de la atención de la salud mental en el Primer Nivel de Atención, en el estado de Tabasco, México. El ejercicio presenta la toma de decisiones y dilemas hallados en el trabajo de campo; discute las implicaciones ético-políticas de trabajar con diseños etnográficos y expresa una serie de posicionamientos asumidos a lo largo de la investigación. Finalmente, plantea la urgencia de reflexionar ética, cultural y afectivamente en la investigación etnográfica en salud metal y llama la atención sobre los desafíos emocionales de trabajar con poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad, como los pueblos originarios y los enfermos mentales.(AU)

Methodological reflexivity as an articulator center in qualitative research allows us to define and consolidate the epistemological, theoretical and ethical-political positioning of researchers. This paper reflects about contributions and challenges of ethnography as theoretical, methodological and scriptural tool to approach the understanding about mental healthcare at First Level of Care in Tabasco state, Mexico. This exercise is about decisions and dilemmas faced at field work arguing about ethical-political implications of working using ethnographic al designs and expressing a series of position in assumed through this researching. Finally, it shows the urgent need of ethical, cultural and emotional reflection in to the ethnographic al researching in mental health besides to draw attention to emotional challenges of working with vulnerable populations such as native people and mental ills.(AU)

[The Medical-Economic Certificate: Costs and budget of health systems]. / La Cédula Médico-Económica: costos y presupuesto de los sistemas de salud.

In health systems, it is necessary to assess the costs for the production of services and the magnitude of the budget to operate, its formulation has been with the Historical Public Budget in Health, which can be complemented with the Zero-Base Budget, with reference medical technical costs. from the Economic Medical Certificate of the Groups Related to the Diagnosis and the Groups Related to Outpatient Care of the IMSS. The preparation of the certificate is for each scenario of treatment by hospital or outpatient diagnosis in four successive phases with groups of IMSS professionals. Each certificate contains information and costs of the production of services specified in: production functions, patient transit services; and production factors such as installed capacity, including personnel of all kinds, depreciation, general services, medicines, medical consumables, laboratory and office studies, and specific studies and procedures; with their respective unit cost. The Reference Technical Medical Cost provided by the Economic Medical Certificate with the necessary scaling allows estimating the budget for services, care units, institutions and health systems with medical, epidemiological, technical and economic information.

En los sistemas de salud es necesario valorar los costos para la producción de servicios y la magnitud del presupuesto para operar, su formulación ha sido con el Presupuesto Público Histórico en Salud, el cual puede complementarse con el Presupuesto Base Cero, con costos técnicos médicos de referencia a partir de la Cédula Médico-Económica de los Grupos Relacionados con el Diagnóstico y los Grupos Relacionados con la Atención Ambulatoria del IMSS. La elaboración de la cédula es para cada escenario de tratamiento por diagnóstico hospitalario o ambulatorio en cuatro fases sucesivas con grupos de profesionales del IMSS. Cada cédula contiene información y costos de la producción de servicios especificados en: funciones de producción, servicios de tránsito del paciente, y factores de la producción (como capacidad instalada, personal de todo tipo, depreciaciones, servicios generales, medicamentos, consumibles médicos, estudios de laboratorio y gabinete, así como estudios y procedimientos específicos), con su respectivo costo unitario. El Costo Medico Técnico de Referencia proporcionado por la Cédula Médico-Económica con el escalamiento necesario permite estimar el presupuesto para servicios, unidades de atención, instituciones y sistemas de salud con información médica, epidemiológica, técnica y económica.

Violencia institucional en salud, instituciones, profesionales y usuarios / Institutional violence in health, institutions, professionals and users

El presente ensayo es una reflexión de la violencia en, desde, hacia y entre el personal de salud. Para lograr una aproximación, se consideran distintas fuentes de información, desde reportes periodísticos, estudios empíricos y, por supuesto, postulados conceptuales producidos para otras situaciones y campos de conocimiento. El análisis se realiza en diferentes ejes, el primero con referentes para situar el problema en el marco de propuestas enunciativas y conceptos relevantes; el segundo presenta la perspectiva del paciente o usuario; en el tercero se presentan algunos elementos de los profesionales de la salud. Por último, en último eje se delinean situaciones de las instituciones en salud, como espacio donde se desarrolla y vehiculiza la violencia, en tanto generadora y ámbito donde se ejerce tanto para los profesionales de la salud como para los pacientes usuarios. Finalmente se esbozan unas conclusiones que permiten situar el tema en sus implicaciones y consecuencias. Estos ejes nos permiten sugerir que el estudio de la violencia requiere un abordaje complejo, ya que deja un saldo de víctimas y victimarios siendo las propias instituciones en salud las generadoras de violencia alejando a los actores sociales de actos solidarios y humanizados.

This essay is a reflection about violenceexpressed inside and outside health institutions with an impact on health professionals and patients. We considered different sources of information: journalistic reports, empirical studies and conceptual postulates produced for other situations and fields of knowledge. The analysis is carried out in different axes, first, with references to place the problem within the framework of enunciativeproposals and relevant concepts; the second presents the perspective of the patient; the third presents some elements of health professionals. Finally, in the last axis, situations of health institutions are outlined, as a space where violence is developed and conveyed, as a generator and an area where it is exercised both for health professionals and patients. As conclusions we leave sketches that allow us to place the subject in its implications and consequences. These axes allow us to suggest that the study of violence requires a complex approach, since it leaves a balance of victims and perpetrators, the health institutions themselves being the generators of violence, distancing social actors from acts of solidarity and humanization.

[Meanings of the medical profession from the ideology of medical professionals]. / Significados de la profesión médica desde la ideología de las y los profesionales de la medicina.

This article deals with the ideology of medical professionals in order to understand the meanings attributed to their profession, taking Thompson's theory as a starting point and centering on the categories of autonomy, norms and values, and social recognition. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted with medical professionals in Amecameca, a municipality in the State of Mexico, from March to October 2019, in four sectors of service provision: public institutional, private institutional, private practice, and mixed practice. The analysis of meanings expressed by medical professionals with respect to each category of interest reveals that medical professionals are conditioned by the structure of state control and by the commodified economy, where private forms of medical practice are more highly regarded. In the ideological conformation of the medical profession, there remains a practical component imbued with a liberal romanticism in an extinct scenario that still exists today, without being articulated to more general social processes.

Se aborda la ideología de las y los profesionales de la medicina, desde la teoría de Thompson, para entender los significados de la profesión médica, a partir de las categorías: autonomía, normas y valores, y reconocimiento social. Se realizaron 24 entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la medicina en cuatro ámbitos de trabajo: institucional público, institucional privado, ejercicio privado y ejercicio mixto, en Amecameca, municipio del Estado de México, en el período comprendido de marzo a octubre de 2019. El análisis de los significados expresados por las y los profesionales de la medicina en cada una de las categorías de interés muestra una base condicionada por la estructura del control estatal y por la economía mercantilizada, que valora con mayor significación formas de práctica médica privada. En la conformación ideológica de la profesión médica subsiste un componente práctico inmerso en un romanticismo liberal en un escenario casi extinto que subsiste en la actualidad, sin articularlo a los procesos sociales más generales.

Medical consultation, time and duration. / Medical consultation, time and duration.

This essay is a reflection of the time and duration of the medical consultation, seen as a social process that is determined by macro structures following the productive logic and the demands of modern time. The length of the medical discussion is heterogeneous worldwide; in contrast, what is standard is the perception of the professionals and the patients that the time for interaction is short. Such a perception pervades the doctor-patient relationship, perpetuating a cycle of dissatisfaction-tension-anxiety in these actors. Under the premise of the sociology of time and appealing to the ethical principles of medicine, we propose that the estimation in the length of a medical consultation must be considered. Time is indispensable for an adequate interaction to account for the needs of patients and professionals in a dignified manner since both have rights and obligations to be respected.

Este es un ensayo en el cual se hace la reflexión sobre el tiempo y la duración de la consulta médica, vistos como procesos sociales que están determinados por macro estructuras, siguiendo la lógica productiva y las demandas del tiempo moderno. La duración de la consulta médica es heterogénea a nivel mundial. Por el contrario, si hay algo en común es la percepción tanto de los profesionales como de los pacientes que el tiempo de interacción es breve, lo cual permea en la relación médico-paciente, perpetuando un ciclo de insatisfacción-tensión-ansiedad en ambos actores. Bajo la premisa de una sociología del tiempo y apelando a los principios éticos de la medicina, proponemos que la estimación en la duración de una consulta considere este recurso como indispensable para una adecuada interacción, teniendo presente las opiniones tanto de los pacientes como de los profesionales en cuanto a sus necesidades de dignidad para la atención y para la prestación de un servicio profesional, ya que ambos tienen derechos y obligaciones a respetarse. Además, las instituciones deberán garantizarlas a fin de preservar una adecuada relación médico-paciente-institución. La organización en los horarios de las jornadas laborales no basta. Es necesario realizar las asignaciones de consulta y tareas correlativas con los tiempos de dedicación necesarios con el objeto de humanizar los procesos, considerando las lógicas sociales y económicas sin ignorar la otredad y la alteridad de los sujetos involucrados.

Acceso y práctica odontológica en ámbito de atención privada. Representaciones sociales y salud bucal / Dental access and practice in the private ambit of attention. Social and oral health representations

RESUMEN Las representaciones sociales producto de la forma de percibir, interpretar y significar la realidad social a partir del sentido común generan conductas que influyen directamente en la práctica y solicitud de la atención odontológica, bajo la influencia de las condiciones socioeconómicas actuales del país. Los niveles de pobreza se incrementan de manera acelerada, generando mayores desigualdades sociales, con distribución de beneficios económicos polarizados con concentración de los ingresos más altos en unos pocos. Con ello la salud-enfermedad es determinada por los niveles de ingreso, limitando el acceso a los servicios de salud para los grupos sociales más desfavorecidos. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las representaciones sociales de salud-enfermedad odontológica y su relación con la atención y el acceso a servicios odontológicos y el tipo de atención al que acuden personas con padecimientos estomatológicos y las características de las prácticas odontológicas de quienes les atienden. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con profesionales y pacientes del ámbito privado en una zona de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados muestran características de concepción y práctica influidas por el modelo médico hegemónico y de descontextualización de los problemas de atención odontológica de los pacientes. Se concluye que las representaciones sociales de profesionales y pacientes se construyen en el contexto de vida donde prevalece la polarización y exclusión social.

ABSTRACT The social representations resulting from the way of perceiving, interpreting and signifying social reality from the common sense, generate behaviors that directly influence the practice and application of dental care, under the influence of the current socioeconomic conditions of the country. Poverty levels increase rapidly, creating greater social inequalities, with a distribution of polarized economic benefi ts with a concentration of higher incomes in a few. With this, health- dental disease is determined by income levels, limiting access to health levels for the most disadvantaged social groups. The objective of this study is to know the social representations of health-dental disease and its relationship with care and access to dental services and the type of care that people with dental conditions access, and the characteristics of the dentistry practice of those who care for them. A qualitative study was carried out with professionals and patients from the private sector in an area of Mexico City. The results show characteristics of conception and practice infl uenced by the hegemonic medical model and decontextualization of the problems of dental care patients. It is concluded that the social representations of professionals and patients are built in the context of life where polarization and social exclusion prevail.

[A health system's neoliberal reform: evidence from the Mexican case]. / La reforma neoliberal de un sistema de salud: evidencia del caso mexicano.

This study addressed the shaping of Mexico's health system in recent years, with an analysis of the social determination conditioning the system's current formulation, the consequences for the population's living and working conditions, and the technical and legal reform measures that shaped the system's transformation. The article then analyzes the survival of social security institutions and the introduction of an individual insurance model and its current implications and consequences. From the perspective of the right to health, the article compares the measures, resources, and interventions in both health care models and highlights the relevance of the social security system for Popular Insurance. The article concludes that the measures implemented to reform the Mexican health system have failed to achieve the intended results; on the contrary, they have led to a reduction in interventions, rising costs, and a decrease in the installed capacity and professional personnel for the system's operation, thus falling far short of solving the problem, rather aggravating the inequities without solving the system's structural contradictions. Health systems face new challenges, inevitably requiring that the analyses be situated in a broader framework rather than merely focusing on the functional, administrative, and financial operation of the systems in the respective countries.

La reforma neoliberal de un sistema de salud: evidencia del caso mexicano / A health system's neoliberal reform: evidence from the Mexican case / Reforma neoliberal de um sistema de saúde: evidencia do caso mexicano

Resumen: Este trabajo aborda la conformación en los años recientes del sistema de salud en México. Se presenta un análisis desde la determinación social que condiciona su formulación actual, las consecuencias en las condiciones de vida y trabajo de la población, los ejes de la reforma técnico-legal que dieron pauta para su transformación. La permanencia de instituciones de seguridad social y la introducción de un modelo de aseguramiento individual, sus implicaciones y consecuencias observadas hoy día. Desde una perspectiva del derecho a la salud, se contrastan las acciones, recursos e intervenciones de ambos modelos de prestación de servicios, y se observa la relevancia del sistema de seguridad social sobre el Seguro Popular. Se concluye que las soluciones implantadas para reformar el sistema de salud no tienen los resultados postulados y, por el contrario, significan reducción de intervenciones, incremento de costos, disminución de capacidad instalada y de personal profesional para su operación, así, lejos de solucionar el problema, se incrementan las inequidades y no se resuelven las contradicciones estructurales. Existen nuevos desafíos para los sistemas de salud, donde es inevitable situar los análisis en un marco más amplio, y no sólo centrarse en la operación funcional, administrativa y financiera de los sistemas de salud en nuestros países.

Abstract: This study addressed the shaping of Mexico's health system in recent years, with an analysis of the social determination conditioning the system's current formulation, the consequences for the population's living and working conditions, and the technical and legal reform measures that shaped the system's transformation. The article then analyzes the survival of social security institutions and the introduction of an individual insurance model and its current implications and consequences. From the perspective of the right to health, the article compares the measures, resources, and interventions in both health care models and highlights the relevance of the social security system for Popular Insurance. The article concludes that the measures implemented to reform the Mexican health system have failed to achieve the intended results; on the contrary, they have led to a reduction in interventions, rising costs, and a decrease in the installed capacity and professional personnel for the system's operation, thus falling far short of solving the problem, rather aggravating the inequities without solving the system's structural contradictions. Health systems face new challenges, inevitably requiring that the analyses be situated in a broader framework rather than merely focusing on the functional, administrative, and financial operation of the systems in the respective countries.

Resumo: Este trabalho aborda a conformação, nos últimos anos, do sistema de saúde no México. Apresenta uma análise a partir da determinação social que condiciona a sua formulação atual, as consequências sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho da população, as diretrizes da reforma técnico-legal que embasaram a sua transformação. A permanência de instituições de seguridade social e a introdução de um modelo de plano de seguro individual, suas implicações e consequências observadas hoje. Desde a perspectiva do direito à saúde, comparam-se as ações, recursos e intervenções de ambos os modelos de prestação de serviços, e se examina a relevância do sistema de seguridade social com relação ao Seguro Popular. A conclusão é que as soluções implementadas para reformar o sistema de saúde não alcançaram os resultados pretendidos e, ao contrário, redundaram em redução de atos médicos, aumento dos custos, diminuição da capacidade instalada e do número de profissionais para a sua operação. Dessa forma, longe de solucionar o problema, aumentaram as desigualdades e não foram resolvidas as contradições estruturais. Existem novos desafios para os sistemas de saúde, para os quais é inevitável situar as análises em um marco mais amplo, e não apenas focando a operação funcional, administrativa e financeira dos sistemas de saúde em nossos países.

The feeding-nutrition connection, three aspects for its understanding.

Feeding is not an isolated concept; it is linked to biological, psychological, cultural, political and economic determinants. Physiologically the meeting of the biological need is very important, but when a group is subjected to a diet that only satisfies hunger and does not provide for nutrients, chronic deficient nutritional stages appear that impact social welfare and health. In this paper, we present three instances of nutritional problems that affect the Mexican population: child malnourishment, obesity and food security. This article exposes some of its social determinants and public policies that address them considering the collective health and its sociology, in the context of social inequality. We highlight the need for public policies that consider social inclusion, for the collective food security, and not merely the pursuit of satisfying hunger, but also to have an accessible, nutritious, and varied diet to prevent alterations in the health of the people.

La alimentación no es un concepto único y aislado, está ligado a determinantes biológicos, psicológicos, culturales, políticos y económicos. En el plano orgánico es muy importante la satisfacción biológica del ser humano, pero cuando un colectivo es sometido a una alimentación que solo sacie el hambre y no procure nutrientes, se condicionan fases nutricias crónicas con repercusión en el estado de bienestar social y en la salud. En este trabajo se plantean tres casos de problemas nutricionales que afectan a la población mexicana: desnutrición infantil, obesidad y seguridad alimentaria. Se exponen algunos de sus determinantes sociales y las políticas públicas para atenderlos desde la perspectiva de la salud colectiva y de la sociología de la salud, en el marco de la desigualdad social. Se plantea el resaltar la necesidad de políticas públicas de inclusión social para que los colectivos gocen de bienestar alimentario; no sólo en la búsqueda de la satisfacción del hambre sino para disponer de una dieta nutritiva, variada y con disponibilidad de acceso real, para evitar las alteraciones en la salud de los pueblos.

Relationship between gender, income and education and self-perceived oral health among elderly Mexicans. An exploratory study.

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) among the elderly. A cross-sectional, exploratory examination of 150 elderly subjects whose ages ranged from 60-86 was conducted. These subjects used the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) to assess their SPOH. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected from study participants. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, the examination of odds ratio (OR) of logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index for the study participants was 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% of subjects were edentulous, and 69.3% of subjects wore removable dentures. 62.7% of study participants had poor SPOH (defined as GOHAI score <44). Poor SPOH was significantly more frequent among males (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), low-income individuals (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 -5.8, p < 0.01), and subjects with less education (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05) than among the overall subject population. The findings suggest that gender (male), low income and low educational levels have a significant influence on the self-perceived oral health status of elderly individuals, irrespective of tooth loss.

Relationship between gender, income and education and self-perceived oral health among elderly Mexicans. An exploratory study / Relação entre gênero, renda e educação com a autopercepão da saúde bucal em idosos mexicanos. Um estudo exploratório

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sociodemographic factors and self-perceived oral health (SPOH) among the elderly. A cross-sectional, exploratory examination of 150 elderly subjects whose ages ranged from 60-86 was conducted. These subjects used the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) to assess their SPOH. In addition, sociodemographic data were collected from study participants. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, the examination of odds ratio (OR) of logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index for the study participants was 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% of subjects were edentulous, and 69.3% of subjects wore removable dentures. 62.7% of study participants had poor SPOH (defined as GOHAI score <44). Poor SPOH was significantly more frequent among males (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), low-income individuals (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3 -5.8, p < 0.01), and subjects with less education (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05) than among the overall subject population. The findings suggest that gender (male), low income and low educational levels have a significant influence on the self-perceived oral health status of elderly individuals, irrespective of tooth loss.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre os fatores sociodemográficos com a autopercepção da saúde bucal (SPOH) em idosos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal exploratório de 150 idosos. Para avaliar a sua percepção da saúde bucal utilizou-se o Geriatric Oral Assesment Index (GOHAI) e também foram coletados dados sociodemográficos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste T Student, a razão de chances (OR) de análise de regressão logística, o teste Chi Quadrado (p < 0.05) e análise de variância ANOVA. A média do índice de dentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados (CPO-D) dos participantes no estudo foi de 20.1 ± 5.8; 21.3% foram edêntulos e 69.3% eram portadores de prótese removível. O 62.7% dos participantes no estudo teve pobre autopercepção da saúde bucal (definida com uma suma de GOHAI < 44), a qual foi significativamente mais frequente nos homens (OR = 2.72, 95% Cl: 1.03-7.13, p < 0.05), com baixa renda (OR = 2.7, 95% Cl: 1.3 - 5.8, p < 0.01), e com menor escolaridade (OR = 2.26, 95% Cl: 1.1-4.6, p <0.05) do que entre a população em geral. Os resultados presentes sugerem que nos idosos a baixa renda e a menor escolaridade têm influência significativa na autopercepção da saúde bucal, independentemente da perda dentária.

[Family medicine and practice in the Mexican Social Security Institute]. / La medicina familiar y su práctica médica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

The central ideas of this research paper are related to the practice of family medicine as a specialty. It focuses in its origins, problems, unique characteristics, limitations, scope, management, and processes within the context of primary care of the Mexican Social Security System. This approach was based on a qualitative, hermeneutical study closely related to the Structural Functionalism Theory. Within this framework, medical practice is seen as an equation: Meaning = action + function/structure. This offers an approach to the understanding of reality through surveys and observations in five categories: identity, activity, purpose, values/norms, and power/relationship. The practice of family medicine is defined as a medical act in the Mexican Social Security Institute. This act is limited to a brief encounter and a prescription, which makes it a short, fleeting, medicalized interaction. The result is a negative social imaginary of the physician, the patient and the whole of society. Thus, individuals and society host a negative social imaginary bestowed on doctors and users of the health system.

Los ejes de este trabajo se remiten a nociones sobre la práctica médica de especialistas en medicina familiar, en los que se trata de ubicar los significados de esta práctica, su origen, problemas, características, procesos, gestiones, alcances, virtudes, limitaciones, extensiones y pertenencia; para hacer visible la cotidianeidad de la práctica de la medicina familiar en la atención primaria del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Esta aproximación requirió de una investigación cualitativa de tipo hermenéutica, apegada a la teoría de funcionalismo estructural. Dentro de este marco teórico, la práctica médica se interpretó como la ecuación significado = acción + función/estructura. Con ello se ofrece un acercamiento a la realidad a partir de entrevistas y observaciones en cinco categorías: identidad, actividad, propósitos, valores/normas, poder/relación. La medicina familiar en su práctica está delimitada a un acto médico en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Dicho acto se reduce a un breve interrogatorio y a emitir receta, condicionándolo a una atención efímera, corta y medicalizada. De esta forma se reproduce un imaginario social negativo por parte de los individuos respecto del médico, de los usuarios y en toda la sociedad.

La medicina familiar y su práctica médica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social / Family medicine and practice in the Mexican Social Security Institute

Los ejes de este trabajo se remiten a nociones sobre la práctica médica de especialistas en medicina familiar, en los que se trata de ubicar los significados de esta práctica, su origen, problemas, características, procesos, gestiones, alcances, virtudes, limitaciones, extensiones y pertenencia; para hacer visible la cotidianeidad de la práctica de la medicina familiar en la atención primaria del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Esta aproximación requirió de una investigación cualitativa de tipo hermenéutica, apegada a la teoría de funcionalismo estructural. Dentro de este marco teórico, la práctica médica se interpretó como la ecuación significado = acción + función/estructura. Con ello se ofrece un acercamiento a la realidad a partir de entrevistas y observaciones en cinco categorías: identidad, actividad, propósitos, valores/normas, poder/relación. La medicina familiar en su práctica está delimitada a un acto médico en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Dicho acto se reduce a un breve interrogatorio y a emitir receta, condicionándolo a una atención efímera, corta y medicalizada. De esta forma se reproduce un imaginario social negativo por parte de los individuos respecto del médico, de los usuarios y en toda la sociedad.

The central ideas of this research paper are related to the practice of family medicine as a specialty. It focuses in its origins, problems, unique characteristics, limitations, scope, management, and processes within the context of primary care of the Mexican Social Security System. This approach was based on a qualitative, hermeneutical study closely related to the Structural Functionalism Theory. Within this framework, medical practice is seen as an equation: Meaning = action + function/structure. This offers an approach to the understanding of reality through surveys and observations in five categories: identity, activity, purpose, values/norms, and power/relationship. The practice of family medicine is defined as a medical act in the Mexican Social Security Institute. This act is limited to a brief encounter and a prescription, which makes it a short, fleeting, medicalized interaction. The result is a negative social imaginary of the physician, the patient and the whole of society. Thus, individuals and society host a negative social imaginary bestowed on doctors and users of the health system.

Social Representation of Dementia and Its Influence on the Search for Early Care by Family Member Caregivers.

INTRODUCTION: Social representations (SRs) contain 3 dimensions: information, attitude, and field. These affect the recognition of the first symptoms of dementia by the patient's caregiver. This study focused on the period from the first signs of cognitive difficulties to the diagnosis of dementia. METHODS: Eight caregivers of elderly patients with dementia were interviewed to construct their SRs regarding dementia and how this influences seeking medical treatment during the first stages of the disease. Social representations were analyzed through a structural focus, based on the content analysis. RESULTS: Decision making is related to knowledge about dementia, attitude (emotions and sensitivity), and the concept of the caregiver about the relative with dementia. The results confirm the importance of the symbolic dimension of personal experience in managing care and seeking medical treatment. CONCLUSION: The presence of dementia in the family creates interpersonal dilemmas that caregivers experience. The solutions are framed in the sociocultural context.

La deconstrucción de la medicina familiar en México: el caso del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social / The deconstruction of family medicine in Mexico: the case of the Mexican Institute of Social Security

La medicina familiar es la esencia de la asistencia médica. Es el principal acceso en atención primaria de salud y la puerta de entrada al sistema de salud más grande de América Latina: el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Esta condición le confiere complejidad en el modelo organizacional de asistencia en salud. Luego cabe preguntarse ¿qué existe detrás de la medicina familiar respecto al elemento biomédico de control hegemónico estatal en salud, que permite y promueve una medicina familiar con ataduras? La deconstrucción es un elemento teórico que puede desfragmentar los elementos de estudio de un todo, permitiéndonos acercarnos al desarrollo y redefinición de una nueva medicina familiar. Este artículo analiza a la medicina familiar de México desde la teoría de la deconstrucción, mirando específicamente la que se instala y reproduce en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.

Family medicine is the essence of medical care. It is the main access to primary health care and the gateway to the largest health system in Latin America: the Mexican Institute of Social Security. This condition leads to complexity in the organizational model of health care. The question, thus, is what constraints are set from the hegemonic biomedical State system that allows and promotes family medicine with limits? Deconstruction is a theoretical framework that can defragment study elements of a whole, allowing us to approach the development and redefinition of a new family medicine. This article looks at the model of Mexican family medicine from the standpoint of deconstruction theory, specifically looking at the case of the Mexican Institute of Social Security.

La salud colectiva para el análisis de la medicina familiar / Collective health and family medicine

En México, el espacio social de la práctica clínica ha sido influido en su organización por la toma de decisiones que buscan mejorar los indicadores de salud transformando al paciente en un número. La medicina familiar se ha practicado dentro de los límites de un modelo biomédico institucional donde el proceso salud-enfermedad es visto desde una perspectiva biologicista. Por otra parte, la salud colectiva aborda este proceso desde lo colectivo con reflexiones sociales y biológicas, otorgándole un peso importante a la sociedad. De igual forma, sitúa a la política como determinante de la mejora en salud social vinculando los asuntos políticos como asuntos de salud. La medicina familiar debe ser el eje que atienda las necesidades en salud asociadas a las condicionantes sociales que embargan a cada individuo en su familia, englobando a las colectividades desde una mirada transdisciplinaria y no sólo acotada al perfil biomédico. En este contexto, la salud colectiva brindará aportes teóricos para el debate de la medicina familiar en los próximos años.

In Mexico, the arrangement of clinical practice has been influenced by a decision-making process that seeks to improve health indicators, thus transforming the patient into a number. Family medicine has been practiced within the limits of an institutional biomedical model where the health-disease process is approached from a biologist perspective. On the other hand, collective health understands this process as stemming from the collective sphere and includes social and biological perspectives, giving an important standing to society. Likewise, it puts policy as a determinant in bettering social health bringing together public policy with health matters. Family medicine must become the axis around which health needs are catered to, together with social conditioning factors that affect families and individuals. This leads to a trans-disciplinary approach to communities set free from a mere biomedical profile. In this context, collective health provides theoretical support to the upcoming debate on family medicine.

[The confrontation of sexuality in the professional practice of future physicians: the viewpoint of medical interns]. / La confrontación de la sexualidad en la práctica profesional de los futuros médicos: la mirada de los pasantes de medicina.

The subject of sexuality in academic and service institutions is perceived through predominantly biological conceptual perspectives, blurring the subjective component that is imbued in social and cultural processes. The meanings that medical staff construct around sexuality have implications in their professional development and practice. This work presents results from a qualitative study into the meaning of sexuality among medical interns from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco. In-depth interviews were conducted with students during their community service. This group was selected because they had finished their studies and were performing an independent and autonomous professional practice. The results, which were analyzed based on Grounded Theory, revealed three dichotomies: biology vs. social construction, individual vs. professional and theoretical learning vs. experiences in the community. The most relevant aspect revealed was the antagonism found between a medical intern's biology-centered academic knowledge and the challenge posed by their patients' reproductive and sexual health needs. The interns recognize that they lack the necessary skills to face issues of sexuality in their professional practice.

La confrontación de la sexualidad en la práctica profesional de los futuros médicos: la mirada de los pasantes de medicina / The confrontation of sexuality in the professional practice of future physicians: the viewpoint of medical interns

El tema de la sexualidad en las instituciones académicas y de servicios se enmarca en perspectivas predominantemente biológicas, desdibujando la subjetividad inmersa en procesos sociales y culturales. Los significados construidos por el personal de salud en torno a la sexualidad impactan su formación y desempeño profesional. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa sobre el significado de la sexualidad en jóvenes pasantes de medicina de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, entrevistándolos porque sin ser titulados ejercen una práctica profesional autónoma e independiente como parte de su servicio social en comunidades rurales. Al analizar la información con base en la teoría fundamentada emergieron tres dicotomías: biológico-construcción-social; individuo-profesional y aprendizaje teórico-vivencias en la comunidad; estas evidencian el antagonismo del conocimiento adquirido durante su formación universitaria con énfasis biológico y los obstáculos para responder a las demandas de salud sexual y reproductiva de la población que atienden. Ellos se reconocen carentes de habilidades para enfrentar estos tópicos en su práctica profesional. Es relevante integrar la perspectiva subjetiva de este tema en los programas de las licenciaturas del área de la salud.

The subject of sexuality in academic and service institutions is perceived through predominantly biological conceptual perspectives, blurring the subjective component that is imbued in social and cultural processes. The meanings that medical staff construct around sexuality have implications in their professional development and practice. This work presents results from a qualitative study into the meaning of sexuality among medical interns from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco. In-depth interviews were conducted with students during their community service. This group was selected because they had finished their studies and were performing an independent and autonomous professional practice. The results, which were analyzed based on Grounded Theory, revealed three dichotomies: biology vs. social construction, individual vs. professional and theoretical learning vs. experiences in the community. The most relevant aspect revealed was the antagonism found between a medical intern's biology-centered academic knowledge and the challenge posed by their patients' reproductive and sexual health needs. The interns recognize that they lack the necessary skills to face issues of sexuality in their professional practice.

[Organization of the drug supply chain in state health services: potential consequences of the public-private mix]. / Organización del abasto de medicamentos en los servicios estatales de salud: potenciales consecuencias de la mezcla público-privada.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the consequences of private outsourcing on the overall supply and filling of prescriptions in state health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted using quantitative and qualitative techniques in 13 states. The information was collected through interviews and direct observation. The interviews were carried on staff of state health services related to the drug supply chain and users of health services. The quantitative approach examined the percentage of stocked full recipes in a sample of users. RESULTS: States that have opted for the fully outsourced model, and properly monitored this choice, have increased the supply of drugs to their users and guaranteed the supply in the care units in charge. Other states with the outsourced model have multiple problems: direct purchase of drugs not included in the basic drugs catalogue, failure of suppliers and shortage of supplies in the laboratories that provide the company. The main disadvantages identified in all models were: the subordination of the medical criteria to administrative criteria, insufficient planning based on local care needs, heterogeneous procedures, insufficient knowledge of regulations and lack of normativity. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the incorporation of private providers in the drug supply chain may not be the solution to bring down the shortage faced by health services, especially at the hospital level. The shift to outsourcing models has developed without incorporating evaluation mechanisms and the consequences that this transition can have on state health systems must be investigated more deeply.

Organización del abasto de medicamentos en los servicios estatales de salud: potenciales consecuencias de la mezcla público-privada / Organization of the drug supply chain in state health services: potential consequences of the public-private mix.

OBJETIVO. Evaluar las consecuencias de la subrogación privada sobre el proceso general de abasto y el surtimiento completo de recetas en los servicios estatales de salud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. La investigación se realizó utilizando técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas en 13 entidades federativas. La información se recolectó mediante entrevistas y observación directa. Las entrevistas se aplicaron a personal de los servicios estatales de salud relacionados con la cadena de abasto de medicamentos y a usuarios de los servicios de atención. La aproximación cuantitativa examinó, en una muestra por conveniencia de usuarios, el porcentaje de recetas completas surtidas. RESULTADOS. Las entidades que han optado por el modelo tercerizado en su totalidad y lo controlan adecuadamente han incrementado el suministro de medicamentos entre sus usuarios y garantizado el abasto en las unidades de atención a su cargo. Otras entidades con modelo tercerizado tienen múltiples problemas: compra directa de medicamentos no incluidos en el cuadro básico, incumplimiento de proveedores y escasez de insumos en los laboratorios que proveen a la empresa. Como principales inconvenientes de todos los modelos se identificaron la subordinación de los criterios médicos a los criterios administrativos; la insuficiente planeación basada en las necesidades locales de atención; la heterogeneidad de los procedimientos; el conocimiento insuficiente de la normatividad y la falta de regulación. CONCLUSIÓN. Los resultados indican que la incorporación de proveedores privados en la cadena de abasto de medicamentos podría no ser la solución para abatir el desabasto que padecen los servicios de salud, especialmente a escala hospitalaria. El cambio hacia modelos subrogados (tercerizados) se ha desarrollado sin incorporar mecanismos de evaluación, y las consecuencias que esta transición puede acarrear sobre los sistemas estatales de salud deben ser investigadas con mayor profundidad.

OBJECTIVE. To assess the consequences of private outsourcing on the overall supply and filling of prescriptions in state health services. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research was conducted using quantitative and qualitative techniques in 13 states. The information was collected through interviews and direct observation. The interviews were carried on staff of state health services related to the drug supply chain and users of health services. The quantitative approach examined the percentage of stocked full recipes in a sample of users. RESULTS States that have opted for the fully outsourced model, and properly monitored this choice, have increased the supply of drugs to their users and guaranteed the supply in the care units in charge. Other states with the outsourced model have multiple problems: direct purchase of drugs not included in the basic drugs catalogue, failure of suppliers and shortage of supplies in the laboratories that provide the company. The main disadvantages identified in all models were: the subordination of the medical criteria to administrative criteria, insufficient planning based on local care needs, heterogeneous procedures, insufficient knowledge of regulations and lack of normativity. CONCLUSION. The results indicate that the incorporation of private providers in the drug supply chain may not be the solution to bring down the shortage faced by health services, especially at the hospital level. The shift to outsourcing models has developed without incorporating evaluation mechanisms and the consequences that this transition can have on state health systems must be investigated more deeply.